Potential answers for "Removed the stem of, like a strawberry"

⭐⭐⭐⭐ HULLED
⭐⭐ CANY
⭐⭐ FLECKED
⭐⭐ ONECROP
⭐⭐ RACEME
⭐⭐ BITOFF
⭐⭐ RIPE
⭐⭐ CHEM
⭐ GLOOMY
⭐ MONAURAL

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