Potential answers for "Stripped"

⭐⭐⭐⭐ BAREDITALL
⭐⭐⭐⭐ PEELED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ NAKED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ DENUDED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ BARED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ DISROBED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ DIVESTED
⭐⭐⭐⭐ PEELEDOFF
⭐⭐⭐⭐ NUDE
⭐⭐ STARKNAKED

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